Visual arts as allographic arts
The evolution of computer technologies and the several possibilities they offer allow us to perceive a radical change in the ontology(2) of visual arts: graphic artworks can now swing from an autographic(3) register to an allographic one, as it is the case for other forms of art like literature, or music.
Digital images that are created with computers are composed of a multitude of pixels, whose colours are described by bytes (that can be regarded as words), all of tem assembled according to a grammar specified by the file format (jpeg, png, etc). Behind every digital image is to be found a notation interpretable by dedicated software. This notational aspect is the first condition that must be fulfilled by an artwork to be qualified as allographic, because, as Gerard Genette mentioned, « an allographic work is defined and identified, exhaustively and exclusively, by the set of features contained in its notation. »
Artworks are no more affixed to a particular medium.
Works of art, as digital entities, de-materialized, become multipliable by essence. They can be instantiated theoretically infinitely by simple copy-paste, without any difference between the different instances. In their digital bodies, they all have the same value. So they are in their various materializations, regardless of the support chosen for their exhibitions.
If we make the analogy with literature, reading a novel from Zola in a deluxe edition or in a paperback does not alter the work per se, as soon as the text has been carefully reproduced. At most, the prefaces and the editor's notes are not the same, but if they help understand the work, they are not the artwork. In our case, according to its requirements, the holder of the work may decide to print the digital image on a 1.40m-by-1.40m canvas or on a 80cm-by-80cm aluminium plate. He can also decide to display it on a screen, or on any other medium that might appear in the future, or in a virtual world (Second Life for example).
An art potentially truly democratized
The main and radical consequences of these properties, like printing that allowed to spread knowledge and culture, and therefore made them more democratic, an artwork that loses its uniqueness to become inherently multiple, becomes affordable for most people, and then potentially truly democratic. Many artists from the sixties have tried to take away art from the bourgeois spheres. This is the case, for example, for artists who were involved into performance or the Land artists, who took the artworks out of the galleries' walls. However, they were unsuccessful to make these works really democratic, because, among other things, texts, photographs, and films that document their works remain autographic, and subsequently unaffordable.
Due to their digital nature, multiple instance artworks become easily distributable. They may be either simply copied (on CD-ROM or USB stick for example) or just as easily downloaded. They are not only easily distributable technologically, but also at lower costs (no more transportation costs), which participates in their democratization. This phenomenon in itself is not really new. It has been widely observed in the case of music, when the MP3 format has emerged, much to the annoyance of record companies.
However, the radical change in the distribution means can be turned to the advantage of the artist. By assigning an instantiation right to the buyer, the artist may encourage the latter to replicate the image and sell these new instances, and thus make him/her take part in the spreading of the artwork. In our case, multiple instance artworks become even more meaningful, for they make sense only if multiple.
(1) Marshall MacLuhan, Understanding Medias, 1968
(2) «Ontology is the philosophical study of the nature of being, existence or reality in general, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations. Traditionally listed as a part of the major branch of philosophy known as metaphysics, ontology deals with questions concerning what entities exist or can be said to exist, and how such entities can be grouped, related within a hierarchy, and subdivided according to similarities and differences.» Wikipedia
(3) Nathalie Heinich defines the terms autographic and allographic as follows: «An autographic artwork resides in a single object whose reproduction has little or no value: it is typically the case for painting and sculpture. An allographic artwork lies in an infinite set of realizations or, without loss of value: this is the case for literature works, reproduced in books, and for musical or theatrical works, represented at concerts or performances that can be multiplied indefinitely.»